五金沖壓件行業三個突出問題解析

 五金制品行(xing)業(ye)在(zai)歷經(jing)三十(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改革開放以后，呈現出發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態勢，企(qi)業(ye)所(suo)有(you)制開始轉變為以民營為主(zhu)，企(qi)業(ye)所(suo)在(zai)地(di)(di)開始向廣東、浙江(jiang)、江(jiang)蘇、上海、山東等市(shi)場經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)育較早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)集中(zhong)，這些地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政府開始認識到特(te)色(se)產(chan)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)有(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)政府增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)財(cai)政收入(ru)，有(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)產(chan)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構優化(hua)，有(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)當地(di)(di)居民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就業(ye)與增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)收入(ru)，有(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)區(qu)(qu)域經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良性(xing)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，因而花大力(li)氣打造特(te)色(se)產(chan)業(ye)基(ji)地(di)(di)。
　　按照(zhao)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)五(wu)(wu)金(jin)行業特色區域(yu)稱號命名管(guan)理辦(ban)法(fa)》（修訂稿）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的命名辦(ban)法(fa)來劃分：現有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)五(wu)(wu)金(jin)產(chan)品之(zhi)(zhi)都3個，即：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)鎖都（溫州(zhou)(zhou)）、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)閥門(men)之(zhi)(zhi)都（玉環）、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)鈕扣之(zhi)(zhi)都（橋頭）；有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)五(wu)(wu)金(jin)產(chan)業基(ji)地8個，即：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)五(wu)(wu)金(jin)制品產(chan)業基(ji)地（小欖）、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)（水口）水生產(chan)基(ji)地、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不銹(xiu)鋼(gang)制品生產(chan)基(ji)地（新會）、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)（溫州(zhou)(zhou)）金(jin)屬(shu)外殼打火機(ji)生產(chan)基(ji)地、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)（溫州(zhou)(zhou)）剃須刀生產(chan)基(ji)地、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)五(wu)(wu)金(jin)制品（余(yu)姚(yao)）生產(chan)基(ji)地、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)出口工(gong)具(ju)生產(chan)基(ji)地（金(jin)華）、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)絲網產(chan)業基(ji)地（安(an)平）；有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)五(wu)(wu)金(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)鄉（鎮(zhen)）3個，即：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)拉鏈之(zhi)(zhi)鄉（橋頭）、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)五(wu)(wu)金(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)鄉（永康）、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)五(wu)(wu)金(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)鎮(zhen)（大新鎮(zhen)）。據(ju)調查，發(fa)現中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)五(wu)(wu)金(jin)沖(chong)壓加工(gong)件行業存(cun)在以下主要問題：
　　一、化程度低(di)，形不成規(gui)模，經濟效益(yi)差(cha)
　　五金沖壓件與主(zhu)機(ji)相比，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)建立初(chu)始資(zi)金(jin)技術所需投入相對較少，經(jing)歷   幾次經(jing)濟大(da)(da)發(fa)(fa)展時期，一批民營生產(chan)(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)如雨后春(chun)筍(sun)發(fa)(fa)展起來，但因(yin)市場需求(qiu)點多(duo)、批量小(xiao)，形(xing)不(bu)成(cheng)經(jing)濟規模(mo)。大(da)(da)多(duo)數五金(jin)件生產(chan)(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)本身就大(da)(da)而全或小(xiao)而全，化程度低(di)(di)，裝備水平不(bu)高，質量不(bu)穩定，經(jing)濟效益低(di)(di)。如我國(guo)電機(ji)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)三家(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)型(xing)   企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)微型(xing)電機(ji)總(zong)量還不(bu)到一家(jia)(jia)   公司50%。近(jin)兩年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，我國(guo)局部地區建成(cheng)上千家(jia)(jia)沖壓(ya)(ya)件廠，但年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)30萬(wan)件以上只有幾家(jia)(jia)，主(zhu)要產(chan)(chan)(chan)品為(wei)農機(ji)配套。而德國(guo)力士(shi)樂公司年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)各種沖壓(ya)(ya)件產(chan)(chan)(chan)品130萬(wan)件，日本油研(株)也年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)60萬(wan)件以上。工(gong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)達   模(mo)具企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)人均產(chan)(chan)(chan)值約15萬(wan)～20萬(wan)美元(yuan)，我國(guo)只有4萬(wan)～5萬(wan)元(yuan)人民幣。羅百輝(hui)指出，近(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來，隨著多(duo)種所有制共(gong)同發(fa)(fa)展政策落實，五金(jin)件行(xing)業(ye)(ye)正經(jing)歷著由分(fen)散到逐漸(jian)集集約化發(fa)(fa)展過(guo)程。
　　二、資(zi)金投入不(bu)足，力量薄弱
　　五金沖壓件各(ge)行業20世(shi)紀70年代(dai)末(mo)、80年代(dai)初就較(jiao)早(zao)地引(yin)(yin)進了一批技術(shu)，但對(dui)消化(hua)吸(xi)收(shou)缺(que)乏(fa)足(zu)夠軟(ruan)硬件投(tou)入(ru)。據(ju)經(jing)驗(yan)，引(yin)(yin)進技術(shu)與消化(hua)吸(xi)收(shou)所需資金比(bi)例約(yue)為1:7，而(er)我(wo)國對(dui)此認識較(jiao)晚，消化(hua)吸(xi)收(shou)步(bu)子較(jiao)慢。市場競爭實(shi)際(ji)(ji)上(shang)技術(shu)   較(jiao)量。對(dui)此極為重視(shi)，紛紛加(jia)大投(tou)入(ru)，技術(shu)制高點。各(ge)大   公司(si)用(yong)于(yu)資金均(jun)占其(qi)銷售額4%～5%，達(da)10%。目前(qian)我(wo)國雖然有不少(shao)高等院校從事工作，不少(shao)理(li)論研究、成果、論文均(jun)有相當，但與生產實(shi)際(ji)(ji)結合不緊，特(te)別轉化(hua)成商品速度慢。
　　三、原材料及相關技術落后
　　由于(yu)緊固件、鏈條、彈簧、軸承、模具(ju)等產(chan)(chan)品(pin)所使用(yong)國產(chan)(chan)鋼材質(zhi)量差、品(pin)種規(gui)格(ge)少，直(zhi)接(jie)影響了(le)沖壓(ya)件產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量。機械基礎(chu)件一般都成批(pi)、大量生產(chan)(chan)，也(ye)有多(duo)品(pin)種、加(jia)工精度要求(qiu)高(gao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)，因(yin)此對生產(chan)(chan)工藝及(ji)其裝備要求(qiu)高(gao)，投資大。多(duo)采用(yong)   專機、生產(chan)(chan)線(xian)或柔性線(xian)，實現   自(zi)(zi)動化生產(chan)(chan)。但我(wo)國一些(xie)基礎(chu)件企(qi)業受資金制(zhi)約，投入力度不大，企(qi)業自(zi)(zi)我(wo)改(gai)造能力差，設(she)備少又不配套，影響了(le)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)上質(zhi)量上檔次。